Considering the complexity of this field of knowledge people mentors offer their knowledge and experience in areas that can foster a more concrete and simultaneously guide the demands for students who obviously have a very broad and generic or too punctual .. It is based on the following aspects that can accompany to deepen their research.
Drugs:
A wide look into the drug world through the knowledge from institutions, organizations and people who work in its.
Neurology:
(from
Greek: νε
ῦρον,
neuron, and the suffix -λογία
-logia "study of") is a branch of
medicine dealing with
disorders of the nervous system. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the
central and
peripheral nervous system (and its subdivisions, the
autonomic nervous system and the
somatic nervous system); including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of
neuroscience, which is the scientific study of the
nervous system.
A
neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat
neurological disorders.
[2] Neurologists may also be involved in
clinical research,
clinical trials, and
basic or
translational research. While neurology is a non-surgical specialty, its corresponding
surgical specialty is
neurosurgery.
There is significant overlap between the fields of neurology and
psychiatry, with the boundary between the two disciplines and the conditions they treat being somewhat nebulous.
Psychiatry:
is the
medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of
mental disorders.
[1][2] These include various
abnormalities related to mood, behaviour,
cognition, and perceptions.
Initial psychiatric assessment of a person typically begins with a
case history and
mental status examination. Physical examinations and
psychological tests may be conducted. On occasion,
neuroimaging or other
neurophysiological techniques are used.
[3] Mental disorders are often diagnosed in accordance with criteria listed in diagnostic manuals such as the widely used
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), edited and used by the
World Health Organization (WHO). The fifth edition of the DSM (
DSM-5) was published in 2013, and its development was expected to be of significant interest to many medical fields.
[4]
The combined treatment of
psychiatric medication and
psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice,
[5] but contemporary practice also includes a wide variety of other modalities, e.g.,
assertive community treatment,
community reinforcement, and
supported employment. Treatment may be delivered on an
inpatient or
outpatient basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or on other aspects of the disorder in question. Research and treatment within psychiatry as a whole are conducted on an interdisciplinary basis, e.g., with
epidemiologists,
mental health counselors, nurses,
psychologists, public health specialists, radiologists, and/or
social workers.
Medicine:
is the
science and practice of the
diagnosis,
treatment, and
prevention of
disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of
health care practices evolved to maintain and restore
health by the
prevention and
treatment of
illness. Contemporary medicine applies
biomedical sciences,
biomedical research,
genetics, and
medical technology to
diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through
pharmaceuticals or
surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as
psychotherapy,
external splints and traction,
medical devices,
biologics, and
ionizing radiation, amongst others.
[1]
Medicine has existed for thousands of years, during most of which it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge) frequently having connections to the
religious and
philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a
medicine man would apply herbs and say
prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and
physician would apply
bloodletting according to the theories of
humorism. In recent centuries, since the
advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both
basic and
applied, under the
umbrella of
medical science). While stitching technique for
sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the
cellular and
molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.
Prescientific forms of medicine are now known as
traditional medicine and
folk medicine. They remain commonly used with or instead of scientific medicine and are thus called
alternative medicine. For example, evidence on the effectiveness of
acupuncture is "variable and inconsistent" for any condition,
[2] but is generally safe when done by an appropriately trained practitioner.
[3] In contrast, treatments outside the bounds of safety and efficacy are termed
quackery.
Bulimia nervosa:
also known as simply
bulimia, is an
eating disorder characterized by
binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. This may be done by
vomiting or taking
laxatives. Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of
diuretics,
stimulants,
water fasting, or excessive exercise. Most people with bulimia are at a normal weight. The forcing of vomiting may result in
thickened skin on the knuckles and breakdown of the teeth.
[2] Bulimia is frequently associated with other
mental disorders such as
depression,
anxiety, and problems with drugs or alcohol. There is also a higher risk of
suicide and
self-harm.
Clinical analysis:
(also known as
chemical pathology,
clinical biochemistry or
medical biochemistry) is the area of
chemistry that is generally concerned with analysis of
bodily fluids for
diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes. It is an
applied form of
biochemistry (not to be confused with
medicinal chemistry, which involves
basic research for
drug development).
The discipline originated in the late 19th century with the use of simple
chemical reaction tests for various components of
blood and
urine. In the many decades since, other techniques have been applied as science and technology have advanced, including the use and measurement of
enzyme activities,
spectrophotometry,
electrophoresis, and
immunoassay. There are now many
blood tests and
clinical urine tests with extensive diagnostic capabilities.
Most current laboratories are now highly automated to accommodate the high workload typical of a hospital laboratory. Tests performed are closely monitored and
quality controlled.
All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology. These are performed on any kind of
body fluid, but mostly on
serum or plasma. Serum is the yellow watery part of blood that is left after blood has been allowed to clot and all blood cells have been removed. This is most easily done by centrifugation, which packs the denser blood cells and platelets to the bottom of the centrifuge tube, leaving the liquid serum fraction resting above the packed cells. This initial step before analysis has recently been included in instruments that operate on the "
integrated system" principle. Plasma is in essence the same as serum, but is obtained by centrifuging the blood
without clotting. Plasma is obtained by centrifugation
before clotting occurs. The type of test required dictates what type of sample is used.
A large
medical laboratory will accept samples for up to about 700 different kinds of tests. Even the largest of laboratories rarely do all these tests themselves, and some must be referred to other labs.
Biochemistry,
sometimes called
biological chemistry, is the study of
chemical processes within and relating to living
organisms.
[1] Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of
life.
A sub-discipline of both
biology and
chemistry, biochemistry can be divided in three fields;
molecular genetics,
protein science and
metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has through these three disciplines become successful at explaining living processes. Almost all
areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research.
[2] Biochemistry focuses on understanding how
biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living
cells and between cells,
[3] which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of
tissues,
organs, and organism structure and function
[4]
Biochemistry is closely related to
molecular biology, the study of the
molecular mechanisms by which
genetic information
encodedin
DNA is able to result in the processes of life.
[5]
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological
macromolecules, such as
proteins,
nucleic acids,
carbohydrates and
lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.
[6] The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller
molecules and
ions. These can be
inorganic, for example
water and
metal ions, or
organic, for example the
amino acids, which are used to
synthesize proteins.
[7] The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as
metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in
medicine,
nutrition, and
agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and
cures of
diseases.
[8] In nutrition, they study how to maintain health wellness and study the effects of
nutritional deficiencies.
[9] In agriculture, biochemists investigate
soil and
fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and
pest control.
Medical genetics:
is the branch of
medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of
hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from
human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, while medical genetics refers to the application of genetics to medical care. For example, research on the causes and inheritance of
genetic disorders would be considered within both human genetics and medical genetics, while the diagnosis, management, and counselling people with genetic disorders would be considered part of medical genetics.
In contrast, the study of typically non-medical
phenotypes such as the genetics of eye color would be considered part of human genetics, but not necessarily relevant to medical genetics (except in situations such as
albinism).
Genetic medicine is a newer term for medical genetics and incorporates areas such as
gene therapy,
personalized medicine, and the rapidly emerging new medical specialty,
predictive medicine.
Endocrinology:
(from
endocrine +
-ology) is a branch of
biology and
medicine dealing with the
endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as
hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of
metabolism,
growth and development,
tissue function,
sleep,
digestion,
respiration,
excretion,
mood,
stress,
lactation,
movement,
reproduction, and
sensory perception caused by
hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology
[1][2][3] and
comparative endocrinology.
The endocrine system consists of several
glands, all in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.
Childhood cerebral palsy:
(PCI) is a postural and postural tone disorder, of a persistent but non-invariant nature, secondary to non-progressive aggression to an immune brain.
There are multiple causes that can act during the prenatal period, the perinatal or the postnatal period.
According to the predominant movement disorder, PCI is classified into four types: spastic, dystonic, atyx and mixed. Depending on the length of the motor injury, it will be tetraplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia or monoplasty.
There may be other signs and / or symptoms associated with motor disorder, which include the following: mental retardation in two-thirds of patients (especially those with spastic tetraplegia), learning problems, visual impairments, deficits hearing aids, communication disorders, communal crisis, emotional or behavioral disorders, disorders, etc.
During the development phase, the treatment is intended to direct psychomotor development in each case and to prevent complications. During the adult phase, in which neuromotive purchases have stabilized, it is important to perform a minimum annual check for the early detection of possible complications and, at the same time, to assess and ensure the maintenance of functionality.
It is estimated that the annual incidence of childhood cerebral palsy is from 2 to 2.5 for every 1,000 births.
Nursing:
Voluntary Cooperative: Ethiopia and Equatorial Guinea. (Ophthalmology or development ADIA collaborates with the countries of Africa in the search and construction of worthy standards of the 21st century.) Relaxation therapies, hospital management.
Pharmacology:
is science that studies the origin, actions and properties that chemical substances exert on living organisms. In a narrower sense, pharmacology is considered as the study of drugs, whether these have beneficial or toxic effects. The pharmacology has clinical applications when the substances are used in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and relief of symptoms of an illness.
We can also talk about pharmacology as the unified study of the properties of chemical substances and living organisms and of all aspects of their interactions, aimed at the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Pharmacology is one of the leading pharmaceutical sciences, being a chemical application of a mixture between molecular biology, physiology, cell biology and biochemistry. Although pharmacology stands out over the other pharmaceutical sciences, it is not more important than others (pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacokonesty, pharmaceutical botany, phytochemistry ...). All of them are mutually supportive and one without the other is nothing.
In pharmacology, two approaches can be distinguished, basic pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. Basic pharmacology includes the study of the nature of pharmacokinetic drugs, the study of what an organism does with drugs (pharmacokinetics), the study of what drugs are about the body (pharmacodynamics) and the rationality of applying a drug to treat a disease (pharmacotherapy). Clinical pharmacology includes the observations arising from the application of drugs to healthy and diseased humans, which allows to define treatment protocols, a dose, a dosage ... Its methodology is the clinical trial and the study The treatment process is pharmacovigilance.
Pharmacologists establish the therapeutic classification of medications, that is to say, the relative benefit they provide to their toxicity at different doses. This helps define the dose of a drug that will most benefit a patient. They also study how different situations affect the mechanisms of action, excretion of the drug, bioavailability, absorption by the tissues themselves and their metabolism.
Pharmacotherapy:
is the science and application of medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
The rapid development of pharmacotherapy in recent years has been the result not only of a more diverse, effective, safe, specific and selective drug armamentarium, but also of the more rational use of them. Disciplines such as biopharmacy, clinical pharmacogenetics, as well as pharmacokinetics and population pharmacodynamics have allowed the individualization of the dosing regimen design and thus a more effective and safe medication management.
The head doctor:
also called a primary care, family, village or rural doctor or holder is a healthcare professional who works in a health center or in a doctor's office; It is the doctor closest to a particular population and, often, the only faculty available to its inhabitants.
The head doctor knows the patient's depths, their life expectancy, their personal, family and social situation, their health problems and their global history, and that is why it is capable of deciding jointly with the same patient the treatment to follow and the objectives to be achieved.
Guaranteeing quality healthcare implies that patients and doctors know, respect and help to collaborate in the best way. In this way the patients will be able to receive the best attentions and the doctors will be able to develop their vocation and their function of optimal way.
Doctors specialists must act as consultants. That is, your attention by norm is episodic and must follow the patient's follow-up to the GP.
Pediatric:
is the branch of medicine that is responsible for the study and treatment of diseases of children and pre-adolescents. Chronologically pediatrics range from birth to adolescence. Within it, several periods are distinguished: newborn (first month of life), breastfeeding (1-12 months of life), parasitic (1-6 years), school age (6-12 years) and adolescence (12-18 years) .Pediatry refers to the study of the illness of the child. It should not be confused with childcare, which is the same as preventive pediatric or child hygiene. Social pediatrics, study healthy or ill children in their interaction with their community or society. Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry that studies the affections of the mouth in children. The current tendency is to melt all these meanings in one single term: paediatrics. The term comes from Greek paidos (boy) and iatrea (healing), but its content is much greater than the healing of children's illnesses, since paediatrics studies both the normal and the sick child. In Spain, in order to become a pediatrician, he has to be licensed in medicine and then specialize in pediatrics.
The hospital administration:
is a specialty of the health administration focused on the autonomy of the management of the services and the hospital institutions.1 In the past, the administration of a hospital was in charge of one of the oldest doctors. In Latin America, hospital administration was strengthened as a specialty since the decentralization of hospitals, 2 therefore, historically it is divided into two periods, one of modern values and another of postmodern values. Like the management of industrial companies, hospital administration relies on strategies to achieve a better relationship between quality, prices and efforts to achieve efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency in hospital services. In practice, especially in the administration of public hospitals, the theoretical recommendations and strategies usually present an undesirable divergence with the actual experience.3
As a career, hospital administration generally requires a master's degree in Hospital Management, which prepares professionals, even those without medical careers, to manage specific needs and address the challenges of a hospital.
Word physiotherapy or cytotherapy (GEC)
comes from the union of the Greek voices: φύση, which means Nature and θεραπεία, which comes from the verb "στη θεραπεία" and means to cure.
Therefore, from an etymological point of view, physiotherapy or physis-therapeia means "treatment by nature", or "treatment through physical agents". The World Health Organization (WHO) defines physiotherapy in 1958 as: "Art and science of treatment through therapeutic exercise, heat, cold, light, water, massage and electricity. In addition, physiotherapy includes the execution of electrical and manual tests to determine the value of the involvement and strength of the muscle, tests to determine the functional capacities, the amplitude of the joint movement and measures of the vital capacity, as well as Diagnostic aid for the control of evolution ».
Community health:
is the collective expression of the health of a defined community, determined by the interaction between the characteristics of people, families, the social, cultural and environmental environment, as well as by health services and the influence of social factors , politicians and global. Therefore, a community intervention in health is defined as an action carried out with and from the community through a participation process.
A good way to address community health is to develop networking at the local level. Networking consists of creating alliances, synergies between different agents, to establish common objectives and act cooperatively to achieve them, so that resources are better utilized.
Homeopathy (from the German Homöopathie, and in turn from the Greek ὁμοῖος, homoios, "similar", and πάθεια, pátheia, "disease", "suffering") [1] [2] [3] [4] is an alternative medicine system considered a pseudotherapy [5] based on a pseudoscience [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] that uses preparations without chemically active ingredients. The theory of homeopathy was developed in 1796 by the Saxon physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), according to whom a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease can also cure them. [11] Homeopathic preparations have no effect beyond placebo, as concluded by many institutions such as the Spanish Ministry of Health [12] [13] or the National Institutes of Health [14] of the United States.
Health and disease. In the past, the term health was associated with the absence of disease. A person was healthy when he did not suffer from any disease. Back then, diseases were common due to ignorance of healthy habits, lack of hygiene and limitations of medicine. If they did not cause death, they left lifelong sequelae and often the sick were unable to lead a normal life.
Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of ailments or diseases.
A medicinal plant or medicinal herb is any plant that contains in any of its organs, any substance with pharmacological activity that can be used for therapeutic purposes or that can be used as a prototype to obtain new drugs for pharmaceutical synthesis or hemisynthesis. It is estimated that about 260,000 plant species are known today, 10% of which can be considered medicinal, that is, they are included in the medical treatises of phytotherapy, modern and past. presenting some use. Obviously, especially in the equatorial regions, the proportion of medicinal species can vary significantly from this percentage, as not all of the flora is known.
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), collective bargaining is the voluntary process carried out between workers 'associations (generally, but not always, brought together through a union or group of unions) and employers' associations. 1 Associations can be formed at the company, sector, region and / or national level. The purpose of the negotiation is to reach an agreement regarding the labor conditions applicable to the generality of the workers in the area in which the negotiation is circumscribed (collective bargaining agreement).
Cardiology
(from the Greek καρδία kardía ‘heart’, and λογία loguía ‘study’) is the branch of medicine that is responsible for the study, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and circulatory system. It is medical, but not surgical; the specialists in the surgical approach to the heart are the cardiac surgeon or the cardiovascular surgeon.
See bio sciences